B.Inggris

Adjective Clause (Penggunaan Who, Whom, Whose, Which, dll).

• Adjective clause adalah dependent clause yang berfungsi sebagai adjective dan menjelaskan tentang noun atau pronoun pada suatu complex sentence (kalimat yang terdiri dari independent clause dan satu atau lebih dependent clause).
• Posisi adjective clause selalu mengikuti noun atau pronoun yang diterangkannya. Di dalam kalimat, noun atau pronoun itu berfungsi sebagai subject atau object.
• Adjective clause dimulai dengan suatu kata yang disebut relative pronoun (who, whom, etc) yang berfungsi menjembatani hubungan dengan noun atau pronoun yang diterangkan. 

Contoh Adjective Clause pada Complex Sentence:

Simple Sentence	Complex Sentence	Keterangan
The book is interesting.	The book that he has read is interesting.	The book: noun (phrase), that: relative pronoun, that he has read: adjective clause yang menjelaskan the book. Merupakan klausa karena terdiri dari subject (he) dan verb (has read) dan merupakan adjective clause karena menjelaskan noun.

 

Rumus Adjective Clause

Complex Sentence:

Independent Clause + Adjective Clause

Adjective Clause:

Relative Pronoun +/- S*+V

Keterangan: *Relative pronoun (who, which, that) dapat berfungsi sebagai subject jika tidak ada subject.

Fungsi Relative Pronoun pada Adjective Clause

Beberapa fungsi relative pronoun di dalam adjective clause berikut contohnya adalah sebagai berikut.

Fungsi	Relative Pronoun	Contoh Adjective Clause	Pembuktian
Subject	who, that, which	that was made of cheddar cheese.	coba substitusi dengan “It” (subjective personal pronoun)
Object*	whom, that, which, who	whom I want to buy	coba substitusi dengan “it” (objective personal pronoun)
Possessive	whose	whose house has burned down	coba substitusi dengan “his” (possessive personal pronoun)

*Dapat dihilangkan pada defining relative clause.

Punctuation (Tanda Baca) pada Adjective Clause

Saat menerangkan subject, posisi adjective clause akan berada di tengah kalimat. Klausa tersebut dapat diapit koma ataupun tidak, tergantung pada penting atau tidaknya informasi tambahan yang dibawanya. Informasi tersebut dinilai essential (penting) atau restrictive jika akan mengubah makna kalimat jika dihilangkan. Pada situasi tersebut, koma tidak digunakan. Klausa yang membawa informasi essential tersebut dinamakan defining clause. Sebaliknya, jika informasi non-essential (tidak penting) atau non-restrictive karena dapat dihilangkan tanpa merubah makna kalimat, maka koma digunakan. Klausa yang membawa informasi non-essential tersebut dinamakan non-defining clause.

 

Contoh Complex Sentence:

• Essential: People who chew well may have healthy digestion.
• Non-essential: Yulia, who does exercise regularly, has a positive body image.

 

Contoh Adjective Clause

Adapun contoh adjective clause dengan berbagai relative pronoun dapat dilihat pada tabel sebagai berikut.

Relative Pronoun	Contoh Kalimat Adjective Clause	Keterangan
who	He is the man who works hard to support their daily needs. (Dia pria yang bekerja keras untuk menanggung kebutuhan sehari-hari mereka.)	Adjective clause  menerangkan noun (the man) yang berfungsi sebagai subject complement.
whom	The woman whom you saw last night is my sister. (Wanita yang kamu lihat tadi malam adalah saudara saya.)	Adjective clause menerangkan noun (the woman) yang berfungsi sebagai subject kalimat.
whose	The man whose car is antique works as a lecturer. (The man yang punya mobil antik itu bekerja sebagai dosen.)	Adjective clause menerangkan noun (the man) yang berfungsi sebagai subject kalimat.
which	Mueeza, which is very faithful, is my cat. (Mueeza, yang sangat setia, adalah kucing saya.)	Adjective clause menerangkan noun (Mueeza) yang berfungsi sebagai subject kalimat.
where	Bandar Lampung is a city where I was born. (Bandar Lampung adalah kota dimana saya dilahirkan.)	Adjective clause menerangkan noun (a city) yang berfungsi sebagai subject complement.
that	It is the car that I has dreamed for many years ago. (Ini mobil yang telah saya impikan sejak beberapa tahun yang lalu.)	Adjective clause menerangkan noun (the car) yang berfungsi sebagai subject complement.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

Defenisi : Adjective clause merupakan sub-clause yang difungsikan sebagai adjective penjelas noun (noun modifier). Sub-clause dihubungkan terhadap noun oleh conjunction/kata sambung membentuk Noun Phrase.

Bentuk umum: Noun + Adjective Clause

Pembahasan pada Adjective Clause terfokus pada jenis-jenis Conjuction atau kata sambung yang digunakan, sehingga penamaan adjective clause juga mengikuti nama-nama conjunction yang digunakan, yaitu :

1. Relative Pronoun
...a. Relative Pronoun as Subject (RPS) : who, that, which
...b. Relative Pronoun as Object (RPO) : who(m), that, which
...c. Relative Pronoun as Possessive (RPP)
2. Relative Quantity and Quality (RQQ)
3. Relative Adverb
...a. Relative Adverb of Time (RAT): when
...b. Relative Adverb of Place (RAP): where
...c. Realtive Adver of Reason (RAR): why

PEMBAHASAN

A. Jenis-jenis Adjective Clause berdasarkan conjuction yang digunakan

A1. Relative Pronoun
......Relative Pronoun yang digunakan meliputi katagati subjek reatif, kataganti objek relatif dan kata ganti kempemilikan relatif.

A1.a. Relative Pronoun as Subject (RPS): Conjunction (relative pronoun) langsung difungsikan sebagai Subject:

Who : digunakan untuk person
That : digunakan untuk person atau non person
Which : digunakan untuk non person

Contoh
1)Kalimat I : The man is standing in front of the class.
...Kalimat II : The man is a teacher.
...I dan II : The man who/that is standing in front of the class is a teacher.
2)Kalimat I : The man has been arrested.
...Kalimat II : The man robbed you last night.
...I dan II : The man who/that robbed you last night has been arrested.
3)Kalimat I : The stairs are rather slippery.
...Kalimat II : The stairs leads to the cellar.
...I dan II : The stairs which leads to the cellar are rather slippery.
4)Kalimat I : I bought the bird yesterday.
...Kalimat II : The bird attracted me.
...I dan II : I bought the bird which/that attracted me yesterday.

A1.b. Relative Pronoun as Object (RPO)
Relative Pronoun pronoun yang digunakan sebagai Conjunction langsung berfungsi sebagai Object, baik object of verb maupun object of preposition. Conjuction yang digunakan adalah :

who/whom: untuk person
that : untuk person/non person
which : untuk non person

A1.b.1. Sebagai object of verb (RPO of Verb)
Pola umum: Noun + Conj + S + Vt

Contoh
1)Kalimat I : The man told me to come back tomorrow
...Kalimat II : I saw the man yesterday
...Kalimat I dan II : The man whom/that I saw yesterday told me to come back tomorrow

2)Kalimat I : He is riding a motorcycle.
...Kalimat II : He bought a motorcycle yesterday.
...Kalimat I & II : He is riding the motorcycle which/that he bought yesterday.

A1.b.2. Sebagai object of preposisition (RPO of Prep)

Pola: Noun + Prep + Conj, RPO (Who/whom/that/which) + S + V atau Noun + Conj, RPO (Who/whom/that/which) + S + V + Prep

Contoh :
1)Kalimat I : I met the man.
...Kalimat II : You were talking about that man yesterday.
...Kalimat I dan II : I met the man about whom/that you were talking. (atau)
...I met the man whom you were talking about.
2)Kalimat I : I talked to a girl yesterday.
...Kalimat II : She is my sister.
...Kalimat I dan II : The girl whom I talk to yesterday is my sister.
...The girl to whom/that I talked to yesterday is my sister.
3)Kalimat I : The man speaks English.
...Kalimat II : I was travelling with him last week.
...Kalimat I dan II : The man with whom/that I was travelling last week speeks English. atau
...The man whom/that I was travelling with last week speeks English.

Catatan : Apabila terdapat bound preposisi preposisi terikat pada verb (Phrasal Verb) maka preposisi tidak bisa dipisah karena akan membentuk makna yang berbeda.
Contoh :
...The key which I am looking for is big and red.
...The key for which I am looking is bieg and red.
...He has badly written the address that/which I can’t make out.
...He has badly written the address out that/which I can’t make .

A1.c. Relative Pronoun as Possessive (RPP)
Conjunction digunakan sebagai pengganti possessive adjective atau possessive propernoun. Whose/of which

A1.c.1. Sebagai Subject
Pola Umum: Noun + whose + noun + V atau
Noun, noun of whom/which + V atau
1) I saw a girl. Her beauty took my breath a way
...I saw a girl whose beauty took my breath away.
...I saw a girl, the beauty of whom took my breath away.
...Pola diatas dapat digantikan dengan menggunakan “of phrase” yang memberikan karakter pada head-nya.
...I saw a girl of her beauty took my breath away.
2) I talked to a man. His jacket was black.
...I talked to a man whose jacket was black.
...I talked to a man, the jacket of whom was black.

A1.c.2. Sebagai Object
Pola Umum: Noun + whose/of which + noun + S + Vt atau
Noun, noun of whom/which + S + Vt atau
Pola alternative
Noun, of whom/which + S + Vt + noun atau
Noun + that + S + Vt + noun + of + (noun/pronoun object)

Contoh :
1) He has written a book. I have forgotten the book’s name (its name)
...He has written a book whose/of which name I have forgotten.
...He has written a book of which I have forgotten (the name)
...He has written a book, the name of which /whom I have forgotten.
...He has written a book that I have forgotten the name of (it)…..”it” di-omit
2) He has married to a singer. you may have heard her songs
...He has married to a singer whose songs you may have heard.
...He has married to a singer, the song of whom you may have heard.
...He has married to a singer that you may have heard the song. of (her).
...He has married to a singer of whom you may have heard (the songs).